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largedogsforbattle. Thebrutes couldknockan armedmanfrom hishorseanddismemberhim.JBythe late nineteenth centurythepassion forbreeding ledtothecreationofprivate registriesto protect prizedbloodlines. TheKennel Clubwas formed inEngland in1873,andelevenyears latertheAmerican KennelClub(AKC)wasformed acrosstheAtlantic. TodaytheAKCregisters150breeds, theKennel Clublists196,and theEurope-basedFederationCynologiqueInternationale recognizesmanymore. Dogshows sproutedinthemid-1800s whenunnec~ssaiyd'Ogsbeganvastlytooutnumberworking ones,astheydotothisday.Unless,that is,you count companionshipasajob.IInseventeenth-century England,dogsstillworked, pullingcarts,sleds, andploughs,herding livestock, orworkingasturn-spits,powering wheelsthatturnedbeefandvenisonover open fires.Butworking dogswerenotmuch lovedandwereusually hanged ordrowned whentheygotold. 'Unnecessary' dogsmeanwhile gainedstatusamong Englishroyalty. King James Iwas said tolove hisdogsmorethanhis subjects. CharlesIIwasfamousfor playing withhisdogatCouncil table,andhisbrother Jameshaddogsatseain1682whenhis ship wascaught inastorm.Assailorsdrowned, heallegedly criedout,'Save thedogsandColonel'Churchill!'could adapt tohumansincharge. Puppies inparticular wouldbehardtoresist,astheyaretoday. Thuswasaunionbornandaprocessofdomestication begun.FOverthemillennia, admissionofcertainwolves andprotodogs intohumancampsandexclusionoflarger, morethreatening onesledtothedevelopmentofpeople-friendly breedsdistinguishable fromwolves bysize, shape,coat, earsandmarkings. Dogsweregenerallysmallerthanwolves, theirsnouts~proportionally reduced.TIleywouldassistinthe hunt, cleanupcamp byeating garbage,warnofdanger, keephumans warm,andserveasfood. Native Americans amongothersatepuppies,andinsome societies itremainsaccepted practice.GBythefourth millenniumBCEgyptian rockandj2o.t.tmdrawings showdogsbeingputtoworkbymen. Then,asnow,therelationshipwasnotwithout drawbacks.~dogsr?J!p.$.dcitystreets, stealing foodfrom people returningfrom market. Despite theirpenchant formisbehaviour,andsometimesbec;Iseofit,dogs keep turning upatall the importantjuncturesinhumanhistory.-HInancient Greece,350years before Christ,Aristotle described threetypesofdomesticateddogs, including speedyLaconians usedbytherich tochase andkillrabbitsanddeer.Threehundred yearslater,Roman warriors trainedTest129Strategies:matchingwithparagraphsReadthetext forgist,focusing onthekeysentences, andthinkabout howitisorganized.Study thequestions andunderline thekeywords.Remember thatthequestionsarenotinthesameorderastheinformationinthe text.Decideinwhich partofthetext youarelikely tofindeachanswer, writinginanyanswers youcandofrom yourfirstreading.Fortheremaininganswers,look more closelyatthetext forclues:wordsandphraseswith similarorrelated meaningstothekeywordsinthequestions.Strategies: selectingfrom alistLookatthe four typesofwrong answerinmultiple-choice questionspage27.Decideinwhich partofthetext thestatementsarelikelytobe:they maynotbeinthesameorderasthe informationinthetext.Look foraparaphraseofeachstatement inthe list,possiblyinmore thanonepart.Lightlycrossoffthe listanystatements whicharecontradicted bythe text.Fillinthe answersonyouranswer sheetinanyorder.30fELTSPracticeTestsQuestions28-31Improve yourskills: locating answers1Quickly readthetext.Onwhatprincipleisitorganized?2 Whatarethe keyword~ineachofquestions 28,29,30and31?3Whichofquestions28":'31would youexpecttofindanswered:a nearthebeginningofthetext?b somewhere inthemiddleofthetext?c closetotheendofthetext?It-Checkyouranswers onpage 40before youcontinue.ReadingPassage3hastenparagraphslabelledA-I.Write thecorrectlettersA-Jinboxes28-31onyouranswersheet.28Whichparagraphexplainshowdogsbecamedifferentinappearancefromwolves?29Whichparagraphdescribes theclassificationofdogsintomanydifferenttypes?30Whichparagraphstatesthebasic similarity betweenwolvesanddogs?31Whichparagraphgivesexamplesofgreaterhumanconcernforanimalsthanforpeople?Questions32-35Improveyourskills: finding references inthetext1 Which halfofthetextdiscussesa wolves andearly humans?b dogs andearly civilizations?2Inwhich halfwillyou probably findstatements A-H?3 Hereareextractsfromthetextrelatingtostatements AandB.A:'the similar...sizeofwolfpacksandearly human clans'B:'before thedevelopmentof...permanent humansettlements'Foreach,findasecond referencetoconfirm youranswer....Check youranswers onpage 40before youcontinue.Strategies:matchinglistsStudythelistofquestions.Foreachone, highlightthekeywords.Studytheoptionlist, e.g.ofnationalitiesA-F.Foreachone, scanthepassage foritandhighlightthatpartofthetext.ForeachofA-F,askyourself simplequestions,e.g.'Didthe...usethemto...?;andanswerthemby lookingatthepartyouhave highlighted. Lookoutforwords similartothekeywordsinthequestion.RememberthatsomeofA-F maybeused morethanonceornotatall.Which FOURofthefollowing statementsaremadeinthe text?Choose FOURlettersfromA-Handwrite theminboxes32-35onyour answersheet.AIna typical campthereweremanymorewolvesthanhumans.BNeither thewolvesnorthehumanslivedinone place forlong.eSome wolves learned toobeyhumanleaders.DHumanschose themostdangerous wolvestohelpthemhunt.E There wasvery little forearlyhumanstoeat.F Wolves gotfood from earlyhumans.G Wolves startedlivingwithhumanswhenagriculture began.H Earlyhumansespecially likedveryyoung wolves.Questions36-40Improveyourskills:scanning thetext1InwhichparagraphiseachofA-Fmentioned?Whichnationalityismentionedinmorethanoneparagraph?Whichisnotmentioned?2AskyourselftwoquestionsabouteachofA-F....Checkyouranswersonpage40beforeyoucontinue.From theinformation inthe text, indicate whouseddogsinthe ways listed below(Questions36-40).Write thecorrect lettersA-Finboxes 36--40 onyour answer sheet.NBYoumayuseany letter morethanonce.UsedbyAtheGreeksBtheFrenche,the EgyptiansDtheRomansEtheEnglishF theNative Americans36mwar37asasourceofenergy38asfood39tohuntotheranimals40to work withfarm animalsTest131AcademicWriting1hourThewriting testconsistsoftwotasks.Youshould attempt bothtasks.Writing Task1 .Improveyourskills:understanding agraphStudythegraphbelowandthinkaboutthefollowing.Youshould spendabout20minutes onthis task.The graph belowshows fourcountriesofresidenceofoverseas students inAustralia.Summarizetheinformation byselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisons whererelevant.Writeatleast150words.Numberof40studentsin1000,SELECTEDCOUNTRIESOFRESIDENCEOFViSiTORARRIVALSFOREDUCATIONa Whatistheoverall topic?b Look atthekeyforthefourlines. Which groupsofpeople arebeingcompared? Whatdothenumbersontheverticalaxisshow?c What doesthehorizontal axisshow?dCanyouidentifya generaltrendin each graph? Whenwasthetrendmostorleastnoticeable?e Which period showsadeviationfromthetrend forsome countries?...Checkyouranswers onpage41before youcontinue.Question Strategies:selecting mainfeaturesfrom agraph, chart,ortableInWritingTask1,you donot needtodescribealltheinformation given.Tosummarize,youmustselect themainfeaturesfromwhatisshown.Informationisoften givenintheformofagraph, achart, oratable.Readany headings, keyand sources forthe datatounderstand whatitrelatesto.Readlabelscarefully,paying specialattentiontohorizontal andverticalaxes,column androwheadings.Thedata mayshowdifferences orchangesover time, betweenplaces,orbetween groupsofpeople.Trytoidentifysignificant contrasts,similarities, ortrends.KEY30Indonesia---Hong KongMalaysiaSingapore••••- --••••20!O()II198219841986 198819901992 1994199619982000Yearended30June32IELTSPracticeTestsCompositionStrategies:reportingmainfeaturesDecide whichpointsyouwillinclude andhow youwillorganize them.Statethetopic andoverallcontentofthegraph.Describe andwhere relevant comparethemainfeaturesofthedata.Avoidrepetitionand donottrytogive reasons.Describe changesandtrendsusingappropriate language:thenumber rose/fellslightly/sharply, therewasasteady/rapid increase/decreaseinthenumber.Write numbers aspercentages(tenpercent),fractions(aquarter, two-thirds),orexpressions(nineoutoften,three timesasmany).Useapproximate phrasessuchasroughly,over,alittlemorethan,justunder.Conclude byoutliningtheoveralltrends.Improve yourskills:puttingstatistics intowords­1Choosethebestwaytoexpressthesestatistics.a Putthesepercentagesinto words: 98%,22.5%bStateeachofthesefractions intwoways:1/6,4/5, 1/20cCompareeachpairofnumbersintwoways: 90and30,17and34.d Writethesenumbersusingapproximatephrases:51%,999, 9.5%, 135.2 LookatthegraphinWriting Task1.Describethechangesbetween1982and1992forthecountriesshown.•Check youranswersonpage41beforeyoucontinue.Test1 33------------------------------------